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Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic inflammatory condition. It affects more than 100 million people living in Europe, with a significant impact on individuals, society, and health economies. Most times, patients prefer to self-manage the condition by visiting pharmacies rather than seeking medical advice due to the long wait for an appointment.

Other difficulties to an effective and appropriate allergic rhinitis treatment include the inability to recognize and diagnose it and adequately prescribe a treatment. Lately, there has been a shift into more patient-approach to allergic rhinitis management, focusing on personalized, predictive, preventative, and participatory strategies.

The European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases (EUFOREA) and global key opinion leaders have developed a treatment algorithm to facilitate allergic rhinitis treatment in real-life settings. This guide includes a checklist of what to do when assessing patients, including a list of symptoms suggestive of allergic rhinitis, questions on suspected asthma, and instructions on using the visual scales. It consists of five steps: diagnosis, patients classification, therapy definition, product selection, and treatment plan activation. Patient education is central at all stages and their participation in the decision-making process and goal-setting.

This algorithm is concise, simple to use, suitable for all stakeholders, including pharmacies, primary care physicians, ENT doctors, pulmonologists, allergologists, and pediatricians. It provides evidence-based and expert-endorsed recommendations for the management of allergic rhinitis. The full pocket guide is available on the EUFOREA website (www.euforea.eu).

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common diseases globally, and its prevalence is up to 50 % in children and 40 % in adults. It has a high economic burden and impacts the quality of life of patients. Allergic rhinitis related to house-dust mites or common indoor allergens is denominated perennial allergic rhinitis. The regular use of intranasal corticosteroids is recommended for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Due to the lack of studies that evaluate the “as-needed” use of intranasal corticosteroids, this study aimed to compare the efficacy between the as-needed and regular use of these products moderate-to-severe perennial allergic rhinitis.

This randomized controlled trial included 103 participants for six weeks. Participants were assigned to fluticasone furoate nasal spray (27,5 mg), two sprays once daily for one week, followed by as-needed use for five weeks (FF-as-needed) or two sprays once daily for six weeks (FF-regular). The primary endpoint was a change in the total nasal symptom score (TNSS), and secondary endpoints included a change in nasal peak inspiratory flow (NPIF), rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life-36 questionnaire score (RCQ-36), and cumulative fluticasone furoate dose.

Participants were divided into FF-as-needed (n = 51) and FF-regular (n = 52). The mean change of TNSS between the two groups was not significant at six weeks; however, the FF-regular group tendency was to a greater improvement in TNSS. The NPIF mean change was greater in the FF-regular group. Both groups had similar improvements in RCQ-36. The mean cumulative FF dose in the as-needed group was half of the regular group.

In conclusion, perennial allergic rhinitis patients from both groups had similar improvements in TNSS and quality of life, with those from the as-needed group having half of the exposure to intranasal corticosteroids.

Allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization are the most common and prevalent allergic conditions in the world. It has been suggested that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D might have a role in immunomodulation and, consequently, in allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization. This study aimed to assess a causal association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of allergic rhinitis or allergic sensitization, using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.

Instrumental variables identified seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The primary objective was allergic rhinitis, and the secondary objectives were allergic sensitization and non-allergic rhinitis. Two cohort studies provided the genome-wide association summary statistics of the outcomes. MR analysis with a random-effects inverse variance weighted method was performed as the primary analysis to estimate the overall effect size. Sensitivity analysis using the weighted median method and MR-Egger regression method was conducted. A subgroup analysis based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D synthesis-SNPs was also applied.

There wasn’t a causal association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of allergic rhinitis, and subgroup analysis also showed no relation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D synthesis-related SNPs and outcomes. The same results were obtained for sensitivity analysis.

In conclusion, this study did not find any evidence that supports a causal association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of allergic rhinitis, allergic sensitization, or non-allergic rhinitis in the European-ancestry population. This conclusion is against the use of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of allergic diseases.

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has been increasing, with more than one in five people being affected. The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of 13 different Danish prescription algorithms and hospital data to identify people with allergic rhinitis.

This study included 10 653 Danish adults in two time periods. Investigators used a positive serum-specific IgE and self-reported nasal symptoms as the primary gold-standard of allergic rhinitis. The secondary gold standard of allergic rhinitis was self-reported physician diagnosis. They calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals for each register-based algorithm in the two periods.

All algorithms had a low sensitivity, irrespective of the definition of allergic rhinitis or period. The highest positive predictive values were achieved for algorithms that required antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, with a value of 0.69 (0.62 – 0.75) and a corresponding sensitivity of 0.10 (0.09 – 0.12) for the primary gold standard of allergic rhinitis.

In conclusion, due to the low use of prescription medication among those with allergic rhinitis, sensitivity was low (≤ 0.40) for all algorithms irrespectively of the definition of allergic rhinitis. Algorithms based on antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids granted the highest PPVs. Nevertheless, PPVs were still moderate, due to low sensitivity, when applying a strict gold standard (sIgE and nasal symptoms). Studies using administrative data must consider how to reliably identify allergic rhinitis, for example, using different data sources, and how a potential misclassification will

impact their results.

Allergic rhinitis is a condition of the upper airways, with a high prevalence worldwide, characterized by symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal pruritus. This is due to inhaled allergens and respective mucosal inflammation. This review’s objective was to highlight novel mechanisms and treatments of allergic rhinitis to optimize its management.

Proteins such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) and mucin 1 (MUC1) have a role in the epithelial tight junction barrier’s integrity. Inflammatory mediators, such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), are involved in the development of allergic rhinitis. Other risk factors include genetic susceptibility, age, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal oxidative balance, diet, environmental changes, and essential roles in allergic rhinitis.

Management of allergic rhinitis includes patient education, pharmacotherapy, allergen-specific immunotherapy, and biologics. Novel therapies include highly purified allergens, allergoids, peptides, and new adjuvants for use in specific allergen immunotherapy and specific monoclonal antibodies for blocking the effects of immune mediators.

The gut microbiota has an essential role in the development and regulation of local and systemic immunity. Allergic rhinitis, such as various immune-mediated conditions, has been associated with abnormal gut microbial colonization patterns in children; however, there is not enough data regarding adults. This study aimed to compare the gastrointestinal composition between adults and children who suffer from allergic rhinitis.

This was a cross-sectional study that included 57 adults with allergic rhinitis and 23 healthy controls. Investigators compared samples of their stools via next-generation sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Investigators used a reference-based approach with the NCBI database to taxonomic classification and identity approach.

Participants with allergic rhinitis had a significant reduction in species richness. They also had declines in operational taxonomic unit counts and diversity indices. In contrast, they had significantly more Bacteroidetes than healthy controls, as well as an increased abundance of Parabacteroides and a reduced abundance of Oxalobacter and Clostriadiales.

Adults with allergic rhinitis have a different gut microbiome than healthy controls, with reduced microbial diversity and altered abundance of some microbes. Identifying the metabolites and mechanisms underlying the relationship microbiota-host will improve how the gut microbiome composition regulates immunity and may be of interest to potential therapeutic options for allergies.

Allergic rhinitis is a common chronic upper airway inflammatory disease characterized by nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching of the eyes/nose. Its prevalence has been increasing steadily in Korea. Although Korean people’s lifestyle and environment have been changing, the corresponding changes in the characteristics of allergic rhinitis have not been documented. This study’s objective was to describe the changes in allergens and clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis in Korean patients between 1990 and 2010.

Patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis in 1990 and 2010 were evaluated and answered a symptom questionnaire. The two sets of patients were compared regarding the differences in allergens and the results of the questionnaire.

Compared with the set of 1990 patients, the rate of sensitization to house dust mites, cockroaches, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and tree pollen significantly increased, and that to cat fur significantly decreased in patients from the 2010s (p < 0,05). The distribution of patients with moderate-to-severe nasal obstruction and itching of the eyes/nose increased (p < 0,05), as well as that of patients with minor symptoms, such as olfactory disturbances, cough, sore throat, and fatigue (p < 0,01).

In conclusion, Korean people with allergic rhinitis from 2010 have different symptom severity and allergen reactivity and type. These results may reflect changes in Korea’s environmental conditions and lifestyle, which may be useful for patient counseling and management.